var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'La traducción en la enseñanza virtual de las lenguas gabonesas'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Translation]]> Virtual pedagogy]]> local languages]]> Gabon]]> Translation in The E-learning of Gabonese Languages
The definitions that revolve around language are as plural as the functions that are assigned to it. For some people, it is an instrument of communication. Other people see it as an instrument for analysing the world, as a personal and social identification. Considering the evolution of societies, the preponderant place of language in any development process is more and more indisputable. Gabon, a sub-Saharan African country, is multilingual. This multilingualism is characterised by a double linguistic heritage. On the one hand, it is made up of some fifty endogenous languages, also known as local languages. On the other hand, it is made up of a foreign language: French, a language received from colonial education and established throughout the country as the language of education, administration and official communication since its independence on 17 August 1960.
However, the work of many Gabonese sociolinguists presents some worrying results. The sociolinguistic context in Gabon is today characterised by a proven glottophagy, as the French language has opacified the endogenous languages. This language of the colonising country is thus positioned like a dinosaur that swallows all the others with which it shares the Gabonese national territory. Numerous sociolinguists, Gabonese linguists and language teachers are tirelessly calling on the high authorities and the Gabonese population about the situation in Gabon. The promotion of these local Gabonese languages in training and education is the first solution, alongside intra-ethnic communication within the family unit. But today, the inaction of the public authorities regarding the introduction of these languages in the curricula has led to the creation of several virtual platforms dedicated to the teaching-learning of Gabonese local languages and cultures. These are taught by staff with a variety of profiles. In other words, the teaching of Gabonese endogeneity through virtual channels would no longer be the specific work of pedagogues or other actors in the world of education and the field of languages, but it becomes the business of any willing person. Looking at these virtual teaching-learning spaces, we can see that different courses are given through different didactic activities, such as translation. In this study, we focus on pedagogical translation in a virtual educational space. In other words, this article presents a qualitative analysis, in an exploratory approach, of the place and manifestation of translation in this process of teaching endogenous Gabonese knowledge through, specifically, the Langue 241 web page and its Facebook platform.
Translation is a pedagogical discipline whose contours are guided by interpretative and comparative theory. It is on the curriculum in formal and institutional foreign language classes through the tandem in french thème and version. We will examine here how it operates in this virtual setting in order to better appreciate the teachers and the courses offered by means of screenshots taken on mobile phones. In order to carry out this study, we interpret the reasons for the courses, the profile of the webmaster and analyse the programme offered and the results expected through it. In addition, we take a critical look at the translation activities carried out in order to better understand the transfer processes, the items studied and above all the learning context. As this is a translation aimed at the teaching-learning of Gabonese languages, i.e. African languages with a tone, a look is also taken at the transcriptions that are made and the alphabet used for this purpose.
The results of the various analyses carried out make it possible to see whether the theme and version courses given are of a didactic relevance that truly enables users to learn their local Gabonese languages well, both orally and in writing.]]> Translation in The E-learning of Gabonese Languages
The definitions that revolve around language are as plural as the functions that are assigned to it. For some people, it is an instrument of communication. Other people see it as an instrument for analysing the world, as a personal and social identification. Considering the evolution of societies, the preponderant place of language in any development process is more and more indisputable. Gabon, a sub-Saharan African country, is multilingual. This multilingualism is characterised by a double linguistic heritage. On the one hand, it is made up of some fifty endogenous languages, also known as local languages. On the other hand, it is made up of a foreign language: French, a language received from colonial education and established throughout the country as the language of education, administration and official communication since its independence on 17 August 1960.
However, the work of many Gabonese sociolinguists presents some worrying results. The sociolinguistic context in Gabon is today characterised by a proven glottophagy, as the French language has opacified the endogenous languages. This language of the colonising country is thus positioned like a dinosaur that swallows all the others with which it shares the Gabonese national territory. Numerous sociolinguists, Gabonese linguists and language teachers are tirelessly calling on the high authorities and the Gabonese population about the situation in Gabon. The promotion of these local Gabonese languages in training and education is the first solution, alongside intra-ethnic communication within the family unit. But today, the inaction of the public authorities regarding the introduction of these languages in the curricula has led to the creation of several virtual platforms dedicated to the teaching-learning of Gabonese local languages and cultures. These are taught by staff with a variety of profiles. In other words, the teaching of Gabonese endogeneity through virtual channels would no longer be the specific work of pedagogues or other actors in the world of education and the field of languages, but it becomes the business of any willing person. Looking at these virtual teaching-learning spaces, we can see that different courses are given through different didactic activities, such as translation. In this study, we focus on pedagogical translation in a virtual educational space. In other words, this article presents a qualitative analysis, in an exploratory approach, of the place and manifestation of translation in this process of teaching endogenous Gabonese knowledge through, specifically, the Langue 241 web page and its Facebook platform.
Translation is a pedagogical discipline whose contours are guided by interpretative and comparative theory. It is on the curriculum in formal and institutional foreign language classes through the tandem in french thème and version. We will examine here how it operates in this virtual setting in order to better appreciate the teachers and the courses offered by means of screenshots taken on mobile phones. In order to carry out this study, we interpret the reasons for the courses, the profile of the webmaster and analyse the programme offered and the results expected through it. In addition, we take a critical look at the translation activities carried out in order to better understand the transfer processes, the items studied and above all the learning context. As this is a translation aimed at the teaching-learning of Gabonese languages, i.e. African languages with a tone, a look is also taken at the transcriptions that are made and the alphabet used for this purpose.
The results of the various analyses carried out make it possible to see whether the theme and version courses given are of a didactic relevance that truly enables users to learn their local Gabonese languages well, both orally and in writing.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Okome Engouang , Liliane Surprise'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 2 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 02 / Decembre 2022; 58-75]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/906/762]]> application/pdf]]> spa]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/906]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i2.906]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'A Critical Discourse Analysis of Gender at the Micro and Macro Levels in The Moroccan Translation Classroom'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> CDA]]> Gender Discourse]]> Pedagory]]> Translation]]> Training]]> Sexism]]> This article focuses on the confluence of translation praxis and gender discourse in the teaching/ learning of This article focuses on the confluence of translation praxis and gender discourse in the teaching/ learning of translation in Moroccan higher education. Owing to a tremendous lack of literature on the subject of gender bias, particularly in what concerns training in the translation classroom, this study aims to practically disclose how gender discourse is part and parcel of the source and the target texts both at the macro and the micro levels. Yet, it is observed to be overlooked by translation students while making all the lexical, semantic, pragmatic and syntactic choices. They simply reiterate the same sexism found in language use, which is believed to be considerably powerful in constructing ideologies and shaping attitudes towards women and men.
To help translation students acquire the skills and knowledge needed to understand how gender roles and identities are encoded in texts and transferred through languages and cultures, the present study uses a corpus-based training project. It consists of illustrative individual words (job titles), sentences (proverbs) and text samples purposely selected to meet the intended goals the researcher set out to achieve. The classroom training was conducted with 26 BA undergraduate students in English Studies at the Polydisciplinary Faculty of Errachidia in Morocco. It targeted their background knowledge, reactions, responses, and awareness to concentrate more on the linguistic manifestation of the gendered discourse in language use and its sociocultural dimensions.
To reach this end, the designed tasks, discussions and in-class activities covered three main phases: translating gender (1) at the word level, (2) at the sentence level, and (3) at the text level. In a pedagogically collaborative learning environment, the study adopted critical discourse analysis (CDA) with its three-dimensional framework: the descriptive, the interpretive and the explanatory. This choice is ascribed mainly to its effectiveness in triggering the students’ dynamic participation in most of the classroom activities. More importantly, the focus of interest is to draw the trainees' attention to the androcentric discourse as an all-encompassing aspect of the source texts (ST) and the target texts (TT) by suggesting ways to challenge the pre-established norms that govern languages and dictate the linguistic choices.
Through all the training classroom phases covered, the gendered discourse both in Arabic and English is found to be impenetrable, as if frozen in form and meaning. The two languages in use unfold that they possess a great deal of fixed sexist expressions that denigrate women both at the linguistic and socio-cultural levels. This asymmetrical denigration continued to appear in some male and female students’ translations during and after the training. Although many attempts were suggested by most trainees to neutralize some of them, they were hindered by the power of a sexist discourse that seems significantly trenchant to resist such intervention. However, it is not a question of finding the right gender-bias-free equivalents or gender-inclusive terms as suggested in feminist linguistics. It is rather about inquiring into the mentalities of the translators behind the translated words / texts that have been ossified in patriarchal norms to distribute roles and maintain power relations]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Abdellaoui , Said'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 2 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 02 / Decembre 2022; 38-57]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/905/761]]> application/pdf]]> eng]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/905]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i2.905]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'El vestuario en El tiempo entre costuras de María Dueñas: aproximación semiológica'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Communication system]]> personal identity]]> Semiological analysis]]> Socio-cultural reference]]> Televesion adaptation]]> The time in between seams]]> Communication system]]> Personal identity]]> Semiological analysis]]> Socio-cultural reference]]> Television adaptation]]> The time in between seams]]> Wardrobe]]> The Wardrobe in The Time in Between Seams by María Dueñas: Semiological Approach   
El tiempo entre costuras (2009) by the Spanish novelist María Dueñas quickly became one of the best-selling novels in Spain in recent years, even more so after its television adaptation. With the adaptation-transposition of the novel, we witness a kind of "transformation-translation", or what we call an inter-semiotic translation. In this case, the literary text and the audiovisual text are formed by different semiotic systems, with a verbal basis for the first and a visual basis for the second. The analysis will address the divergences and / or coincidences between the literary text and its television transposition as two autonomous works of art with their respective semiological systems of expression. The novel represents an opportunity to explore how clothing accompanies the changes that the protagonist undergoes in her growth and maturity, thus constituting the most extensive, most conventional means of defining the human individual and his environment. The dress thus suffers a loss of its primary function of covering and protecting the human body. The objective of semiology is to observe the significance and the process of communication that is behind all those elements with which we live daily, that is, all the systems of signs, whatever the substance and limits of these systems. In this aspect, semiology has given a new perspective to the study of dress as a communicative element, since it allows us to read in depth the signs that are hidden in the outfits. Barthes studies, specifically, the written dress or rather what is described, transformed into language, i.e. the written dress expressed by language that is nothing more than the translation of clothing into language whose materials are the words governed by a syntactic relationship of verbal structure, unlike the dress-image, whose materials are shapes, lines, surface, colors, and the relationship is spatial. The union of the signs of the dress ends up generating a language and the dress works as well as a sentence or text-discourse on the body that must be read and interpreted. By taking the costume as a communicative entity and the semiological theory of Barthes as a tool of analysis, this study aims to analyze and demonstrate how the dress, despite not being a verbal form of communication, is loaded with meaning, allows the configuration of the personal identity of the protagonist, whose vital growth and social ascent are manifested through clothing. One can look for a meaning in the clothing a certain character wears and how the character wears it; because this is how you can create a signifier of what the character is, his philosophy, his environment and above all his identity. This is on one hand, on the other hand, it will show how clothing becomes a cultural reference to contextualize the era in which the events of the novel take place. Indeed, clothing is the faithful reflection of an era, from which one can analyze even the political or economic system established in society and reflect the changes that occur in it. We conclude by saying that the semiological analysis of the literary text, if it adds value to the understanding and interpretation of the meaning, is more than necessary in translation, both in its interlinguistic and inter-semiotic aspects. It is more than an assimilation and transference of everything that has a meaning from one system of signs to another system of signs, whether the latter is verbal or non-verbal.  ]]> The Wardrobe in The Time in Between Seams by María Dueñas: Semiological Approach   
El tiempo entre costuras (2009) by the Spanish novelist María Dueñas quickly became one of the best-selling novels in Spain in recent years, even more so after its television adaptation. With the adaptation-transposition of the novel, we witness a kind of "transformation-translation", or what we call an inter-semiotic translation. In this case, the literary text and the audiovisual text are formed by different semiotic systems, with a verbal basis for the first and a visual basis for the second. The analysis will address the divergences and / or coincidences between the literary text and its television transposition as two autonomous works of art with their respective semiological systems of expression. The novel represents an opportunity to explore how clothing accompanies the changes that the protagonist undergoes in her growth and maturity, thus constituting the most extensive, most conventional means of defining the human individual and his environment. The dress thus suffers a loss of its primary function of covering and protecting the human body. The objective of semiology is to observe the significance and the process of communication that is behind all those elements with which we live daily, that is, all the systems of signs, whatever the substance and limits of these systems. In this aspect, semiology has given a new perspective to the study of dress as a communicative element, since it allows us to read in depth the signs that are hidden in the outfits. Barthes studies, specifically, the written dress or rather what is described, transformed into language, i.e. the written dress expressed by language that is nothing more than the translation of clothing into language whose materials are the words governed by a syntactic relationship of verbal structure, unlike the dress-image, whose materials are shapes, lines, surface, colors, and the relationship is spatial. The union of the signs of the dress ends up generating a language and the dress works as well as a sentence or text-discourse on the body that must be read and interpreted. By taking the costume as a communicative entity and the semiological theory of Barthes as a tool of analysis, this study aims to analyze and demonstrate how the dress, despite not being a verbal form of communication, is loaded with meaning, allows the configuration of the personal identity of the protagonist, whose vital growth and social ascent are manifested through clothing. One can look for a meaning in the clothing a certain character wears and how the character wears it; because this is how you can create a signifier of what the character is, his philosophy, his environment and above all his identity. This is on one hand, on the other hand, it will show how clothing becomes a cultural reference to contextualize the era in which the events of the novel take place. Indeed, clothing is the faithful reflection of an era, from which one can analyze even the political or economic system established in society and reflect the changes that occur in it. We conclude by saying that the semiological analysis of the literary text, if it adds value to the understanding and interpretation of the meaning, is more than necessary in translation, both in its interlinguistic and inter-semiotic aspects. It is more than an assimilation and transference of everything that has a meaning from one system of signs to another system of signs, whether the latter is verbal or non-verbal.  ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Khemais , Jouini'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 2 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 02 / Decembre 2022; 10-37]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/903/760]]> application/pdf]]> spa]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/903]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i2.903]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'La formation en traduction juridique au Liban: une étude de terrain'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Compétences]]> formation]]> Marché de travail]]> traducteur juridique]]> traduction spécialisée]]> Legal Translation Training in Lebanon: A Field Study
This article presents the results of an empirical study focused on three major axes. The study was conducted in Lebanon on three main actors in the field of legal translation: translators, commissioners, and translation schools. It aims at highlighting the actual role that universities play in training competent legal translators capable of satisfying market needs in the field of legal translation. For this purpose, the study draws links between translators’ attitudes towards legal translation, commissioners’ attitudes towards the legal translation services available on the market, and the university training that translators receive in this field. The concurrent embedded strategy of mixed method research designs was adopted, whereby the primary quantitative method guides the study, and the qualitative method provides a supporting role. In effect, the first two axes of the study seek to collect quantitative data by way of two surveys. The first survey is addressed to translators holding a master’s degree in translation at the least, while the second survey targets the main commissioners of legal translation projects in Lebanon. As for the third axis, it seeks to collect qualitative data through interviews carried out with the heads of department of translation at the Lebanese universities which have been selected, based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, to take part in the study. The data collected from the first two axes of the study is analyzed in order to bring forward numerical and statistical results, while the analysis of the data collected from the third axis of the study highlights the areas of convergence as well as divergence between the different translation schools in Lebanon. The study shows a shortage of specialized legal translators of proven competence as compared to a high demand for legal translation in Lebanon. Legal translation commissioners, for their part, are reluctant to resort to translators and have no trust in their competence. In effect, the study underlines several weaknesses that translators in Lebanon suffer from when asked to translate legal texts, of which the ability to understand legal texts and reformulate them in the target language, the ability to compare different legal systems and the concepts relating to these systems, the understanding and use of specialized legal language, documentary research, and access to reliable legal resources. These results are due, at least in part, to the conditions of the training provided by universities in the field of legal translation. In fact, the results of the study underline an almost total lack of specialized training programs in legal translation as well as in all other fields of translation. Moreover, legal translation courses are overloaded, and the development of thematic, technological, and strategic competences, as well as research skills and competence in specialized legal language, is weak. Nevertheless, the study draws a positive correlation between translation schools investing in legal translator training and interest of both students and translation professionals in this field of translation. In light of the results of this empirical study, the gaps to be bridged in the existing translation programs are pinpointed in order for these programs to better respond to market needs. A partial solution to the underlined problem undoubtedly lies in establishing a targeted training program in legal translation, which combines translation, law, and linguistics and aims to train highly specialized legal translators.
legal translator; competence; specialized translation; translator training]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Fahed, Nadira'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Sader Feghali, Lina'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 173-189]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/891/759]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/891]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.891]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Post- édition de TA neuronale à la DGT et qualité des textes finaux : étude de cas'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Institutional]]> translation]]> neutral machine translation]]> post-editing product]]> quality]]> Neural Machine Translation Post-Editing in DGT and Final Text Quality: A Case Study
This article aims at presenting the results of a case study carried out in collaboration with the European Commission’s Directorate General for Translation. This study analyses the quality of contents post-edited from Neural Machine Translation (NMT) proposals (eTranslation NMT engine) by translators with varied translation experience levels. Two types of participants were recruited: “Blue Book” interns (i.e. recently graduated translators taking part in a 5-month paid internship in DGT) and in-house translators. In order to proceed with this analysis, we used an evaluation grid created by French researchers Toudic et al. (2014), and containing nine error categories, as well as four types of effects which guide raters when they attribute severity penalties to errors. The reliability of this tool was verified by an interrater agreement score: 583 revision marks were compared in terms of 1) severity penalty, 2) category and 3) raw MT responsibility by two investigators. As far as methodology is concerned, for each source text, a NMT proposal from the eTranslation engine was post-edited by a DGT translator (10 participants; 7 in- house translators and 3 “Blue Book” interns) and revised by a DGT colleague. This procedure follows the typical DGT workflow: texts are usually first translated by a translator, then systematically revised by a colleague from the same (or sometimes, a different) translation unit. The evaluation of PE text quality was thus carried out through the revision marks introduced in the PE texts. Each of these revision marks was categorised and was attributed a penalty score ranging from 1 (minor) to 5 (critical), according to the perceived distortion of the original message and intention that the source text is supposed to convey. Severity penalties were then normalised using a 100-word basis, in order for the results to be comparable between participants and texts: a total penalty score was computed for each text, and then accordingly divided to reach a 100-word penalty score. These normalised scores enabled us to compare the perceived quality of the texts provided by our participants. Though our results cannot be generalised, since the study presented here is a case study for which no significance score could be computed (not enough data), several conclusions were reached: the overall PE text quality is higher in participants with high experience levels (senior translators) than in junior translators; participants with lower experience levels produce PE texts containing more fidelity and terminology problems than their more experienced counterparts, and professional experience does not seem to have an influence on the proportion of errors directly caused by NMT proposals. Several organisational constraints limited the scope of our study. First, the modest number of participants did not provide for significant results. Hence, a deeper study could be carried on with more volunteers, in order to reach more generalisable results. Secondly, each participant provided us with an uneven number of texts and PE words. This is due to the very nature of our study, in the framework of which translators provided us with texts coming from their daily translation tasks, which limits the quantity of collected data but increases natural validity. Furthermore, the authentic context in which this study was implemented did not enable us to collect process data: further studies could include said data, which would provide for more representative results and provide us with an insight in translators’ cognitive processes when post-editing. In this context, eye-tracking data could be collected, and methods such as questionnaires and think-aloud protocols could be implemented in order to link process data to the quality scores obtained in our study. Finally, studying additional language pairs would be relevant, since NMT quality tends to vary according to these.]]> Neural Machine Translation Post-Editing in DGT and Final Text Quality: A Case Study
This article aims at presenting the results of a case study carried out in collaboration with the European Commission’s Directorate General for Translation. This study analyses the quality of contents post-edited from Neural Machine Translation (NMT) proposals (eTranslation NMT engine) by translators with varied translation experience levels. Two types of participants were recruited: “Blue Book” interns (i.e. recently graduated translators taking part in a 5-month paid internship in DGT) and in-house translators. In order to proceed with this analysis, we used an evaluation grid created by French researchers Toudic et al. (2014), and containing nine error categories, as well as four types of effects which guide raters when they attribute severity penalties to errors. The reliability of this tool was verified by an interrater agreement score: 583 revision marks were compared in terms of 1) severity penalty, 2) category and 3) raw MT responsibility by two investigators. As far as methodology is concerned, for each source text, a NMT proposal from the eTranslation engine was post-edited by a DGT translator (10 participants; 7 in- house translators and 3 “Blue Book” interns) and revised by a DGT colleague. This procedure follows the typical DGT workflow: texts are usually first translated by a translator, then systematically revised by a colleague from the same (or sometimes, a different) translation unit. The evaluation of PE text quality was thus carried out through the revision marks introduced in the PE texts. Each of these revision marks was categorised and was attributed a penalty score ranging from 1 (minor) to 5 (critical), according to the perceived distortion of the original message and intention that the source text is supposed to convey. Severity penalties were then normalised using a 100-word basis, in order for the results to be comparable between participants and texts: a total penalty score was computed for each text, and then accordingly divided to reach a 100-word penalty score. These normalised scores enabled us to compare the perceived quality of the texts provided by our participants. Though our results cannot be generalised, since the study presented here is a case study for which no significance score could be computed (not enough data), several conclusions were reached: the overall PE text quality is higher in participants with high experience levels (senior translators) than in junior translators; participants with lower experience levels produce PE texts containing more fidelity and terminology problems than their more experienced counterparts, and professional experience does not seem to have an influence on the proportion of errors directly caused by NMT proposals. Several organisational constraints limited the scope of our study. First, the modest number of participants did not provide for significant results. Hence, a deeper study could be carried on with more volunteers, in order to reach more generalisable results. Secondly, each participant provided us with an uneven number of texts and PE words. This is due to the very nature of our study, in the framework of which translators provided us with texts coming from their daily translation tasks, which limits the quantity of collected data but increases natural validity. Furthermore, the authentic context in which this study was implemented did not enable us to collect process data: further studies could include said data, which would provide for more representative results and provide us with an insight in translators’ cognitive processes when post-editing. In this context, eye-tracking data could be collected, and methods such as questionnaires and think-aloud protocols could be implemented in order to link process data to the quality scores obtained in our study. Finally, studying additional language pairs would be relevant, since NMT quality tends to vary according to these.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Loïc De Faria, Pires'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 77-98]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/890/758]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/890]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.890]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Adaptation: A Twin Concept in Literature and Translation'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Application]]> Film]]> Literary studies]]> Meaning]]> Techniques]]> While volumes of works have been published on adaptation as a concept, little has been done on the issue of adaptation in literature and translation. Adaptation can, therefore, be defined generally as an action or a process of changing something or of being changed to suit a new situation. It is the act of changing something or changing an act to make it suitable for a new purpose or situation. The idea of adaptation is not limited to both literature and translation only but it can be extended to films and their contemporary features. In literature, adaptation serves as a technique of narration and it is applicable in all genres of literature. The concept is equally applicable in translation studies; it serves as a technique of translation which may be applied to isolated parts of the text in order to deal with specific differences between the language and culture of the source text and that of the target text. Adaptation ameliorates cultural narrative, by considering the cultural links between the source language and the target language in translation studies. This is going to show us that adaptation elucidates more on the cultures and how these can be adapted into a real sense of newness of ideas in another cultural cycle. It is further explicated that the concept can be employed as an interdisciplinary one which can be applied in anthropology, philosophy, cultural studies, history, sciences and in all fields of arts. Diverse examples of adaptation are explored in series of African literature, western literature and translation studies. The major objective of this is to examine how adaptation can be described as a twin concept in literature and translation. This study also attempts to explicate the areas of convergence and divergence in the concept and application of adaptation in literature and translation studies. In this study, we adopt descriptive, narrative and expository methods where we describe, narrate and reveal the necessary issues on adaptation as a technique in both literature and translation. In this study, we adopt Skopos theory, which is formulated by the German translator, Hans Vermeer in 1970’s. The theory suggests that the mission and the purpose of translation are of paramount importance. The process of translation is determined by the function of the product. This function is specified by the addressee. This theory is one of the functionalist approaches whose aim is to dethrone the source text (ST). The word “Skopos” was from Greek, meaning purpose or aim. It is used as a technical term for the purpose of translation. The Skopos theory principally suggests that translations should focus on the target culture and language illustrating the source text, their effects on the reader, and the original author’s purpose as decisive factors, rather than the effects and purposes of the source language. The study concludes that Adaptation makes the old literary work popular and marketable because it is a trend to the original work. Literary adaptation that is done rightly has more advantages than disadvantages. One of the common reasons a book or story is adapted is because the characters in that story are already well-known and this help the adapted one. Adaptation will remain relevant in all fields of arts as long as the concept of masterpiece is adapted into the current trends in literary and translation studies. The concept will continue to be significant all over the world because it exposes literary ideas to different audience. Adaptation is as old as the world and it cannot cease because of its pertinence in a changing world.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Faniran Keji, Felix'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Oyenyi Toluwalope, Oluwabukola'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Olusanya, Phillip Siji'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 307-319]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/889/757]]> application/pdf]]> eng]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/889]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.889]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Functions and Translation of Palestinian Dialect in Ibrahim Nasrallah’s Time of White Horses'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> dialect, identity]]> translation]]> standardization]]> domestication]]> The problems that translators of fiction, especially novels, face when translating dialects from one language to another vary because dialects are distinct as much as cultures and language systems are distinct. It is noticeable that Palestinian authors use colloquial language in dialogues and special expressions, striving to attain aesthetic and cultural merits or more realism in the text. Thus, an accurate translation of literary dialect is necessary to preserve the effect of the colloquial language that increases the authenticity of the testimony and adds a sense of reliability since mistranslation of it might undermine the subject matters of the literary work. Therefore, studying dialect translation issues by situating these studies into their contexts can be very effective since it helps both translators and readers recognize their own functionality. This paper examines Nancy Roberts’ translation of the Palestinian dialect from Arabic into English in Ibrahim Nasrallah’s Time of White Horses. It seeks to identify the problems experienced by the translator when dealing with dialect in the novel under study. It also focuses on how the loss of translation can lead to the loss of repertoire of implications embedded in the dialects employed in Nasrallah’s Time of White Horses. The data of the study consists of Palestinian dialect utterances and expressions and their English translations. The novel is teeming with utterances having traces of the Palestinian dialect. However, the researchers analyze a number of random examples that are assumed to be the most representative of each function on basis of their own judgment. The paper analyses the source text dialectical utterances for their functions as well as their socio-cultural implications. The study involves a descriptive analysis in tandem with a comparative textual analysis. The data of the ST will be classified according to their different functions, and then data will be compared with their English counterparts to examine the different strategies used in translating the dialect. House's model (1997) of register analysis in tandem with Venuti’s (1995) theory of domestication and foreignization is adopted as the theoretical framework of the analysis. In light of these models, the study proceeds to discuss translation strategies used to deal with dialect and how these strategies affect the implications and messages encoded in dialectical usage. Furthermore, it deals with dialect markers and the extent to which these markers were preserved in the target text. We suggest in this article that Nasrallah’s use of local dialect in his work is testimonial and historical in attitude. The dialect the author uses retrieves collective memories that local collective memoirs also share while bearing witness to historic events remembered and commemorated. The study reveals that there are mismatches in the register variables between the source and the target text considering that the majority of the dialectical utterances are standardized. It also shows that Palestinian dialect performs various functions in the novel such as signalling familial relationships, signalling social distance, asserting the Palestinianism of the story, generating humor, and codification. Furthermore, the study reveals that the identity of the dialect is attained through phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical markers. Standardization of dialect markers conceals the traces of the existence of dialect in the text. Thereby, the study contends that domesticating the dialect markers utilizing standardization strategy threatens and undermines the contours of the national identity of dialect and consequently the national identity of the text as whole. Thereby, domesticating the dialect by the means of standardization hurdles the functions meant by the employment of Palestinian dialect in the text as well as the Palestinianism of the text constructed through the use of dialect.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Hamamra, Bilal'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Qabaha, Ahmad'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Awwad, Eithar'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 289-306]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/888/756]]> application/pdf]]> eng]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/888]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.888]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Telling Theatre Play Otherwise: Na'im al-Shayatin Versus Tartuffe'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Adaptation]]> Re- tartuffing]]> rewriting]]> Translation]]> Performing arts]]> The addition/removal combination, related to translation, observed in the process of recreation constitutes the means of attenuation of the cultural, environmental and temporal differences between the audiences of the two plays. I propose to examine the process of adaptation and/or rewriting of the play (Na'im al-Shayatin), inspired by Tartuffe through the function of the translator as author. Given the highly evocative dimension of language, through the emanation of waves of expression of innuendo, new equations are observable for obtaining the meanings suggested in the target language and culture. Undoubtedly, an original way to reapprehend the latter. I raise questions about how the director works for re-creation in a different artistic environment using translation as a process. Due to the disparity in the audiences' environments and cultures of the two plays, the director resorted to adaptation and rewriting by combining addition and deletion. He negociated as a mediator to adapt the original work to the new audience and communicate the main ideas of the original play, which are hypocrisy and deceit through religious falsity, woman and marriage issues and family conflicts. To do so, he made changes to the playwriting in order to free the theatrical performance from its original terms. Indeed, Tartuffe is historically known as "The Impostor" or "The Hypocrite". The audience is aware of the latter’s blatant dishonesty. It is also ware that he is a clever and skilled hypocrite rather than a naive or illiterate fake. These ideas were reproduced as main themes in the Algerian play Na'im al-Shayatin. I analysed them in this paper using the Freytag pyramid through exposition, rising action, climax and denouement. Rewriting incorporates different levels and varieties of creativity in translation when removing boundaries between the source and target works. This process compeles the marriage of two extremely different environements into one mold. Eventhough worldwide communities represent many points of cultural disparity, they sometimes gather around some common socio-cultural traits and it is upon this very point that the researcher would shed focus in the current paper. In such contexts, the author can play a double-layered function that fluactautes between creating and translating. The latter is not an automatic literal process especially in literary domains where psychological factors like feelings and emotions are highly demanded. The factor of the human being in such contexts is not inveitable; literary translation is mainly a human endeavour. Consequently, the re-appearance of the same character in transcultural literature should not be considered a peculiar incidence. Instead of looking at literary works as unique and matcheless, one should reconsider this state of affairs to have the most of the teansuclutral literary experience. In Na'im al-Shayatin, the director, who was stuck between two extremes, was given the function of a secondary concept "recycler", propelling him toward a forthcoming narrative that is nothing less than the creative incarnation of his translation. On the one hand, he faces the challenge of staying authentic to the original play's vivacity, wit, and attractiveness. On the other hand, he is confronted by the difficult task of expressing the content autonomously in a hidden challenge of separating the act of translating from the creative process. Through this, Belkholdja re- tartuffed the original play by giving it a fresh perspective.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Benaouda, Adila'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 268-287]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/887/755]]> application/pdf]]> eng]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/887]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.887]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Le dictionnaire historique arabe au service de la traduction juridique français – arabe'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> French - Arabic translation]]> Legal language]]> Legal vocabulary]]> Legal translation]]> Legal linguistics]]> Jurilinguist ics]]> Arabic Historical Dictionary]]> The Arabic Historical Dictionary at the service of French - Arabic legal translation
Legal translation plays an important role today, especially in the context of open globalisation and intensive immigration. Translators working in the legal field increasingly require the deployment of translation tools that guarantee maximum scientific accuracy and transparency, such as dictionaries in general and legal dictionaries in particular. Through the compilation and publication of historical dictionaries, the legal translator will have access not only to the description of the language as it is used today, but also to the semantic and morphological evolution of its lexicon. Historical dictionaries are also a very important source for the cultural, social, economic, scientific and civilisational aspects of the use of the language in question in societies. Thus, lexicographers today are moving towards outsourcing the scientific tasks of compiling and deploying historical dictionaries in the various fields of human activity. Consequently, after being considered as end products for several decades, historical dictionaries are nowadays reusable and exploitable tools in many fields, such as the legal field, as our article shows. The present study analyses the added value of the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language (DHLA) to French-Arabic legal translation. To do so, we applied an analytical and comparative method. We have constituted a corpus from terms related to civil status; more specifically in the field of marriage and divorce. In addition, we have used three other bilingual dictionaries of specialised language in the legal field in this study, namely The French - Arabic Legal Dictionary, Lexique des termes juridiques and Vocabulaire juridique. Thus, since our work focuses on French - Arabic legal translation, we used the online translator "Reverso" as a means of comparing the translation of civil status terms from French into Arabic. After analysing and comparing the definition and usage of these terms with their Arabic translation, we found that the French terms and their Arabic translation still do not refer to the same concepts and usages. We were able to explain this finding by the fact that the French civil status code reflects a Western culture and tradition expressed in French that is different and divergent from that expressed in Arabic via the civil status code in the Arab world. Moreover, by referring to the definitions of the Arabic translation of these terms, the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language reveals numerous elements of terminological and semantic divergence between the French terms and their Arabic translation. These elements of divergence, particularly on the semantic level, could lead to situations of injustice for the people concerned by the translation. Following this observation, the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language constitutes an indispensable tool to revise the current Arabic translation of French legal terms; to propose new lexies as translations for more terminological precision, more semantic clarity, consequently more fidelity and transparency in the field of translation of legal texts, and finally more justice in the application of these texts. Finally, the study also highlighted the possibility of exploiting the corpora of the French and Arabic historical dictionaries through the design of IT solutions ensuring interoperability between the lexicographical data of the two historical dictionaries. The online version of the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Mabrak, Sami'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 246-267]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/886/754]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/886]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.886]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'L’intraduisibilité dans la traduction terminologique – un point de vue culturel'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Absence d’équivalence sémantique totale]]> Facteurs]]> culturels]]> Intraduisibilité terminologique]]> Facteurs culturels]]> Non-équivalence catégorielle et conceptuelle]]> Termes franco- chinois en parfumerie]]> The Untranslatability in Terminological Translation – A Cultural Perspective
The article tackles the untranslatability of perfumery French terms into Chinese and discusses the cultural explanatory factors that influence it. The first part is devoted to the theoretical presentation, which first defines culture as all that is created and known materially and spiritually, that it is the identity of a social group which differs from others. Translation is defined as a reformulation of the message in the target culture, and the essence of translating a term consists in determining its equivalent in the target language. The relation between the source term in the source language and the target term in the target language is theoretically an equivalence. However, terms are designations of concepts, and the creation of terms is a process of linguistic materialization of concepts. Since this process of linguistic materialization is cognitive and is strongly influenced by cultural practice and context, it is possible that the equivalence relation between the source term and the target term is not always absolute. It is possible that the so-called "equivalence" is just a partial equivalence or a functional equivalence. To justify the theoretical deduction, a terminology database in perfumery has been created, in which a certain number of French-Chinese terms in perfumery are collected. These terms constitute the object of analysis. The second part therefore specifies the inventory of French-Chinese terminological work in the field of perfumery, the parallel corpus in which the identification of bilingual terms is carried out, the principles to follow when identifying bilingual terms, the method used to construct the terminological database and to demonstrate the terms, and the method used to analyse the terms in the database. Then the third part is devoted to an observation of non-equivalences between French and Chinese terms. The non-equivalences are at the categorical and conceptual level. This means that the concepts designated by the French terms and the concepts designated by the Chinese terms are not mutually concordant. The non- equivalences are also found at the semantic level, which means that the French terms and their corresponding Chinese terms are semantically divergent. Examples cited from the terminological database testify first to the existence of categorial and conceptual non-equivalence, then to the absence of total semantic equivalence in the translation of terms. These non-equivalences are the direct causes of failures in the translation of terms, in other words, the direct cause of terminological untranslatability. A final discussion asserts that the indirect causes of the terminological untranslatability are found in cultural divergences. More precisely, the untranslatability is related to the practice of the field of perfumery and to the situation of terminological standardization in both countries. The different development in practice and in terminological work in perfumery between France and China leads to an unbalanced terminological development between the two languages, which manifests itself in the untranslatability of terms. The non-equivalences are also explained by the lack of terminological standardization in perfumery and the complexity in the perfumery market. Countless perfumed products, constant innovation of perfume notes, advertising strategies to increase turnover, etc., all this complexity is reflected in the linguistic description of products, including in terms. Finally, the conclusion opens a research perspective on terminological standardization in perfumery as well as on the translation approaches of translators faced with the untranslatability of terms.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Zhang, Lili'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Cristnoi-Bursuc, Antonia'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 226-244]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/885/753]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/885]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.885]]>