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                <text>Abu Shawish, Jaber</text>
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                <text>Due to the drawbacks of adopting any of the common scoring scales independently and in order to make the scoring process less subjective and more objective, the researcher thought of developing a rubric for evaluating students' written product. Some of the well-known scoring scales are time consuming, others mainly depend on the scorer's impression which is not always accurate. The researcher here made a hybrid of both the holistic and analytic scoring scales and developed it to suit academic writing. The rubric was refereed by a group of specialists who assured its validity. Content validity and internal consistency were also calculated. To test the suitability of this scoring rubric for the purpose it was designed for, a stratified random sample of 30 essays was selected from a corpus of N=120 essays written by Palestinian tertiary level students majoring in English in the academic year 2009/ 2010. Pearson correlation and Alpha scale were used in order to assure the reliability of the scale. The Scoring scale follows a taxonomy in which errors experienced in the subjects' writings are divided into three major categories: errors related to conventions, content development and style. Each category includes a number of subcategories; for instance, conventions include writing mechanics and grammar and vocabulary common errors; each of which is scored out of 25. In addition, content development includes cohesion and coherence, which are scored out of 20 marks and 15 marks respectively and finally style and cogency are marked out of 15 marks only.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 136-148</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>Scoring academic writing from  subjectivity to objectivity: A scale for evaluating students' written product</text>
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                <text>Seddiki, Aoussine</text>
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                <text>How transparent are our evaluation criteria?
The evaluation of foreign language skills and abilities with the help of formal procedures is of little importance in Algeria, but also in many European countries. The evaluation procedures that are carried out in university foreign language lessons or German as a foreign language lessons in Algeria and many other countries often do not allow a comparison of foreign language competence that goes beyond the respective learning context. Grades are often awarded on the basis of criteria that are not very transparent and depend on the type of teacher or on the teacher's experience and training. This situation has made it difficult for the potential employer to develop a reasonably reliable assessment of the skills and abilities of the German as a foreign language applicant based on the certificates presented. The so-called pedagogical coordination committee of the "Linguistics and German as a foreign language Didactics" course has been trying for years to achieve more transparency and comparability in the assessment of language competence. In 2001, the Council of Europe developed the so-called European reference framework for learning, studying and assessing foreign languages in a European context for the first time. Both the theoretical discussion and the development of procedures for third-party and evaluation procedures are increasingly influenced by this. This article attempts to give German language teachers in the German departments of Algerian and foreign universities the opportunity to get their own impression of the latest developments in the field of evaluation procedures. Above all, this analysis outlines the area of tension within which a German as a foreign language teacher moves who has to determine the level of performance of his students and evaluate them as objectively as possible. My main concern is to pursue the question of what modern evaluation research offers in terms of findings and instruments. The type of examination and testing depends on the subject matter, the learning group, the learning objective and the purpose of the evaluation. The evaluation also provides statements about the effectiveness of the teaching and thus serves to improve teaching and learning. The greatest care is required when selecting the instruments for measuring performance, their structure and content and, above all, when it comes to the evaluation criteria to be applied and the evaluation. It can only be decided on a case-by-case basis the extent to which the measuring instruments are suitable and meet quality requirements. The measurement of oral performance can be positively or negatively influenced by a number of rational and irrational factors in its implementation and evaluation, both on the part of the examinee and the examiner.</text>
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                <text>deu</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 152-160</text>
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                <text>Wie transparent sind unsere  Evaluationskriterien?</text>
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                <text>Lachachi,   Djamel Eddine</text>
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                <text>Segmentation and Word Identification in German and Arabic 
The difficulty in instituting the word as an operational concept has led many linguists to prefer other concepts designated by the terms of: syntagm, lexie or syntheme, the latter two being the most frequent with this value. If there are languages where the word can easily be defined as an independent and indivisible unit, there are others, according to Vendryes, where it merges in some way into the body of the sentence, where one does not can truly define it only on condition of including a mass of varied elements. On the other hand, he sees in the ancient Semitic and Indo-European languages a relatively unified word concept having a full autonomy. It manifests itself in various characteristic phonetic treatments, that for example of the final slices, or in the delicate game of the swinging of the accent. The word carries in itself the sign of its use and the expression of its morphological value; it is of a fullness that leaves nothing to be desired. The word still remains essential in all languages even if it seems to have been abandoned in favor of a smaller linguistic unit: the morpheme.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/865</text>
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                <text>fra</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/865/734</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 89-101</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>Linguistic unit</text>
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                <text>word</text>
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                <text>Segmentation et Identification du  mot en Allemand et Arabe</text>
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                <text>Ouahmiche, Ghania</text>
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                <text>Code switching is a phenomenon present in contexts where speakers use more than one variety. It is interesting for sociolinguistic studies to inquire into this behaviour and see whether it is an accidental behaviour or it follows certain rules and constraints. This paper aims to offer some of these grammatical aspects of code-switching observed in an Algerian context, mainly in the speech of bilingual speakers at university. Our prime objective is to explain the different manifestations of the formal properties of two typologically different codes; Algerian Arabic and French and their implications in shaping the syntactic/pragmatic structures in mixed codes. Then, our aim is not to attribute each switch a function since our frame of reference is not functional but we try to explain the ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions differently. The centre of our interest is the socio-pragmatic reality of syntactic constituents in bilingual speech. The analysis of our AA/Fr CS and MSA/AA code-switched data is based on Myers-Scotton’s MLF and its supportive models. In the MLF approach, there is always an asymmetry between the languages involved in CS. One of the major shortcomings of the MLF model discussed in the literature is the inadequacy of the notion of the CP as a unit of analysis. Reducing the matrix language to a property of a CP restricts the constraints on code-switching into purely structural limitations and therefore ignores other determining factors in shaping code- switched sentence patterns, be they socio-linguistic or psycho-linguistic.</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 123-135</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332807">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332808">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332809">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2</text>
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                <text>Grammatical aspects</text>
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                <text>code-switching</text>
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                <text>typologically</text>
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                <text>socio-pragmatic</text>
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                <text>Matrix-Language Approaches to Classic Code-Switching: the MLF and 4-M models under scrutiny</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332775">
                <text>Mokadem, Fatima</text>
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                <text>Images of women in the love poetry of Bertolt Brecht and Nizar Qabbani
The aim of this article is to scientifically and precisely examine the image of women in the language of B. Brecht and N. Qabbani's love poetry, which would allow to identify their similarities and differences. Ultimately, an attempt is made here to identify the cultural parallels between B. Brecht's and N. Qabbani's love poetry, which depicts women. In order to ensure this accuracy in the context of the present contribution and at the same time to present the diversity of the imagination of the female, it is necessary to examine individual images and motives to begin. This contribution aims to analyze the pictorial vocabulary used by Qabbani and Brecht to represent the feminine. At the same time, it is clarified how both poets proceed in the design of feminine patterns using the example of mother, lover and wife, i.e. how they "condense" the found female reality.</text>
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                <text>deu</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="332782">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/863/736</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="332784">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 109-122</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332785">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332786">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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              <elementText elementTextId="332788">
                <text>the image of women</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332789">
                <text>love poetry</text>
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                <text>B. Brecht and N. Qabbani</text>
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                <text>the creation of feminine  patterns</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332792">
                <text>female reality</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332793">
                <text>Frauenbilder in der Liebeslyrik Bertolt Brechts und Nizar Qabbanis</text>
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      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="332753">
                <text>Benhattab, Abdelakder Lofti</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332754">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>It is inevitable to do without borrowing in bilingual contexts. This phenomenon is more accentuated in contexts where there are bilingual situations involving minority languages. Algeria in general and Oran in particular are interesting sociolinguistic contexts to study the phenomenon of borrowing within minority groups. The present paper makes some preliminary observations on borrowing as it is displayed by members of the Kabyle and Mzabi minorities of Oran. We will be concentrating on the processes of semantic borrowing in the speech of these speakers. This type of borrowing is characteristic of contact situations and particularly those involving minority groups whose language or language varieties are influenced by the language or languages of the majority speakers in one way or another. We will tackle different types of semantic borrowing such as cultural borrowing, calques, and neologisms. The semantic borrowings that are the most recurrent in the data are the ones involving cultural borrowings and calques. Many semantic borrowings are in fact idiomatic expressions that are used by the Algerian Arabic majority speakers of Oran. The Berber minority groups seem to display a process of semantic alteration and extension. Some semantic extensions have in fact integrated new meanings that are not present in the guest language.</text>
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            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="332756">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/862</text>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2.862</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="332762">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 102-108</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>semantic borrowing</text>
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                <text>Some Preliminary Observations on  Processes of semantic borrowing in the Kabyle and Mzabi minorities of Oran</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332731">
                <text>Benmostefa Harig, Fatima Zohra</text>
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                <text>Lexical borrowing and semantic recomposition Nomination and Production of Meaning: the case of transfer from Arabic to French
&amp;nbsp;Intrusion for the purposes of exploitation and settlement, colonization most often leads to tension and violence when the coveted lands are inhabited; the conquest is then prolonged by a territorial appropriation carried out under duress. In the texts of the discursive formation relating to Algeria, the stories of such a story tell in a polemical way the confrontation of the space of some with that of others. The study of the mobilized vocabulary, borrowings from French to Arabic in particular, shows that the words are not the lexemes which would find their value in the immanence of the closed system of the language. The present paper aims at showing how the borrowing of the word casbah from French to Arabic, in the precise circumstances of the capture of Algiers, lost part of its original content to take on the perception that the colonizers had of the place. Moreover, there is the observation of values linked to the transformation of the casbah into a reserved area and linked, more broadly, to the colonial context. Studies of meaning, at the lexical level as well as at the discursive level, show that the problematic of the praxeme leads to replacing the identification of differential semes with the understanding of the processes of which they are the result, and in which the experiences of the world which govern.</text>
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                <text>fra</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 76-88</text>
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                <text>denomination</text>
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                <text>L’emprunt lexical et la recomposition  sémantique Nomination et Production du Sens : le cas du transfert de l’arabe au français</text>
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                <text>Types of speech behavior of interlocutors in dialogic speeches in Russian as a foreign language
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                <text>rus</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 70-75</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332719">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>1112-3974</text>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2</text>
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                <text>Communication</text>
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                <text>dialogue</text>
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                <text>interlocutors</text>
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                <text>monologue</text>
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                <text>speech</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Типы речевого поведения собеседников в  диалогической  речи на иностранном русском языке</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Fergani, Djazia</text>
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                <text>The limits of equivalence in legal translation &amp;nbsp;
It is obvious that the main specificity of legal texts is to refer to legal systems and forms of thought rooted in a culture specific to a particular country. The texts of law are the result of reflections of an ethical, philosophical, psychological, cultural and religious order and for this each concept has its own legal system which is based on founding texts such as the constitution for French and American law and the Koran. and the Sunna for the law of Muslim countries. Consequently, the translator will have to translate into the target language concepts and notions that often only exist in the source language. The present paper aims at shedding light on the processes adopted by translators when dealing with the translation of legal texts with its different domains. The translator presents the synthesis of the linguistic expression, of the law, that is to say a "jurilinguistics" at the confluence of the law and the language, because it is difficult to translate a legal document without knowing the law of the two languages as it is difficult for a lawyer to translate their text well without a perfect mastery and general knowledge of both languages.</text>
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                <text>fra</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332695">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332697">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 64-69</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332698">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332699">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Equivalence</text>
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                <text>Legal texts</text>
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                <text>transcoding</text>
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                <text>translation</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Les limites de l’équivalence   dans la traduction juridique</text>
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      <name>Dataset</name>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Douar, Aicha</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>Renown scholars have previously pointed to the commoness existing between tribal people in different parts of the world. At first glance, visible affinities attract the attention of the viewers either when travelling, reading books or, watching documentary films. Some writers have mentioned the common traits between the native Americans and the Saharans of north Africa. The two regions seem too hard to live in still, they are populated and their peoples have managed to enter history and the cultural world heritage with their petro glyphs and distinctive cultural traits. To what extent do Native Americans and the Saharans of North Africa share cultural traits and why? This visible commonness is attributed to women more than men, for the reader would see no resemblance between a veiled Targui and a Native American with a feather’s headdress. Three hypotheses are stated to enhance some parallels. The findings which are listed concern the spiritual and cultural characteristics of both populations in general besides some specificities such as jewels’ motifs, vivid colors and, the hairstyle of women.</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>application/pdf</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/858</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332672">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2.858</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332673">
                <text>eng</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332674">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 53-63</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="332678">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Affinities</text>
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                <text>Tuareg</text>
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                <text>Native American and Targui WomenSimilar Aspects of Life</text>
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