<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<itemContainer xmlns="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd" uri="https://ajpsdz.org/dx/items/browse?output=omeka-xml&amp;page=76" accessDate="2026-09-29T15:58:15+00:00">
  <miscellaneousContainer>
    <pagination>
      <pageNumber>76</pageNumber>
      <perPage>10</perPage>
      <totalResults>8556</totalResults>
    </pagination>
  </miscellaneousContainer>
  <item itemId="7809" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="52">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115965">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="305416">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331353">
                <text>El Ouchdi- Mirali, Ilhem Zoubida</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331354">
                <text>2015-08-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331355">
                <text>Starting from the assumption that learning is a mental process shaped by cognitive and metacognitive capacities and that the LMD promotes developing competency, this work unfolds the role of this newly introduced system in enhancing critical thinking. This paper highlights the way Information Communication Technologies are used in our university and exhibits their contribution in developing critical thinking. For this, we will primarily study different elements that enhance critical thinking and its social function, and then move to the role Information Communication Technologies play in its development. The final step analyses fourth semester’s students’ outcomes and drawbacks when dealing with this module in the department of English.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331356">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331357">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/796</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331358">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1.796</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331359">
                <text>eng</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331360">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331361">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/796/665</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331362">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 1 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 01 / Août 2015; 61-67</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331363">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331364">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331365">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331366">
                <text>critical thinking</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331367">
                <text>learning</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331368">
                <text>ICTs</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331369">
                <text>LMD</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331370">
                <text>EFL</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331371">
                <text>contexts</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331372">
                <text>learning outcomes</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331373">
                <text>Enhancing critical thinking through ICTS   in the LMD System:  The case of   Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331374">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331375">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331376">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="7808" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="52">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115965">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="305416">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331326">
                <text>Cheikh, Saadia</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331327">
                <text>2015-08-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331328">
                <text>The challenge of cultural diversity and the teaching of French as a foreign language in Algeria
The intercultural approach is imperative in the teaching French foreign language because no human, in archaic or modern society is without culture, but every culture is singular and Algeria does not make the exception and the Algerian learner is multicultural and multilingual. Then how can we make sensitive our learners in the cultural skill and which are the didactic proposals to approach the intercultural in class of French as a foreign language?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331329">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331330">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/795</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331331">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1.795</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331332">
                <text>fra</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331333">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331334">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/795/664</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331335">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 1 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 01 / Août 2015; 28-35</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331336">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331337">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331338">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331339">
                <text>cultural skill</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331340">
                <text>intercultural approach</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331341">
                <text>teaching French foreign language</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331342">
                <text>didactic proposals</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331343">
                <text>intercultural consciousness</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331344">
                <text>cultural skill</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331345">
                <text>intercultural approach</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331346">
                <text>teaching French foreign language</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331347">
                <text>didactic proposals</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331348">
                <text>intercultural consciousness</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331349">
                <text>Le défi de la diversité culturelle et l’enseignement du FLE en Algérie</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331350">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331351">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331352">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="7807" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="52">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115965">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="305416">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331295">
                <text>Zinai, Djamel Eddine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331296">
                <text>2015-08-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331297">
                <text>For a Quality Translation
There is no translation type, model, since all work is subject to a retranslation, producing a different understanding of the same, according to space and time considerations, contextual, or conceptual notional. Translation act satisfies the requirements of the creation to the survival of the original text through time because it is aging which produces a gap between two eras, two cultures, two texts, finally two drives. It is then necessary to retain different methods and approaches to make ownership of the original and the same extrapolation of the paradox between the two posed any translation. The interpretive model (the verbal noun/ the déverbalisation of thought), the functional model (reformulation of the dynamic equivalent expressions in the source text) and finally the model of relevance (the involvement of mediators including cognitive, socio-cultural). Translation is thus an act negotiated between the literary-functional equivalence, relevance and the interpretative approach based on the principle of déverbalisation and reverbalisation. Translate then a metaphor’s construction, sliding, denial, resistance, finally betrayal.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331298">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331299">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/794</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331300">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1.794</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331301">
                <text>fra</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331302">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331303">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/794/663</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331304">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 1 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 01 / Août 2015; 223-230</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331305">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331306">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331307">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331308">
                <text>dynamic equivalent</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331309">
                <text>functional equivalent</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331310">
                <text>intention</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331311">
                <text>appropriation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331312">
                <text>déverbalisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331313">
                <text>reverbalisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331314">
                <text>reformulation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331315">
                <text>dynamic equivalent</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331316">
                <text>functional equivalent</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331317">
                <text>intention</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331318">
                <text>appropriation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331319">
                <text>déverbalisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331320">
                <text>reverbalisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331321">
                <text>reformulation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331322">
                <text>Pour une Traduction de Qualité</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331323">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331324">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331325">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="7806" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="52">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115965">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="305416">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331256">
                <text>Nourine Elaid, Lahouaria</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331259">
                <text>2015-08-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331261">
                <text>Hispanisms in Oran Dialectal Arabic: Interaction and Interculturality
The presence of the Spaniards in Oran lasted for several centuries, this long stay starting with the 10th century, marked the Oran people in their spoken dialect. The Spanish language in Oran as a linguistic tool, allows us today more than ever to dive back into our history, to question our memory, to reconsider and evaluate our true identity. Because beyond the Oran/Spain borders is a Spanish-speaking history, also impregnated with our civilizational values and witness today of these socio-cultural interferences inherited from a common history. My paper aims to highlight some significant aspects of a common interculturality that must be safeguarded, preserved and maintained.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331264">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331266">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/792</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331269">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1.792</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331271">
                <text>spa</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331274">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331276">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/792/661</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331277">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 1 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 01 / Août 2015; 108-116</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331278">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331279">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331280">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331281">
                <text>Oran</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331282">
                <text>Spanish presence</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331283">
                <text>Interculturality</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331284">
                <text>Heritage</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331285">
                <text>safegaurding</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331286">
                <text>Oran</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331287">
                <text>Spanish presence</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331288">
                <text>Interculturality</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331289">
                <text>Heritage</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331290">
                <text>Safeguarding</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331291">
                <text>Los Hispanismo en el Árabe Dialectal Oranés:  Interacción e Interculturalidad</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331292">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331293">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331294">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="7805" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="51">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115964">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="303802">
                  <text>Traduction et Langues</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331245">
                <text>Akindele, Julianah</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331246">
                <text>Fabunmi, Victor</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331247">
                <text>2023-06-30</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331248">
                <text>Scholarly attention, especially in the context of rhythmic patterns of Nigerian Hip-hop and implication for Nigerian English pedagogy has been very rare. Hence, the study inquires into whether or not Nigeria Hip-Hop could be an alternative medium to teaching English rhythm in Nigerian schools, especially due to its influx on Nigerian youths, and thereby improve on the pronunciation of L2 learners/speakers. The study sampled four songs from two artists’ rhythmic patterns - Temilade Openiyi (TEMS) and Adedamola Adefolahan (Fireboy DML). The lyrical lines of the selected songs were analysed using metrical grid; an aspect of metrical phonology) to establish the isochronic patterns in the sampled Nigerian Hip-hop songs through segmentation of selected lines of the lyrics in order to establish whether or not divergence or convergence exist in the rhythm patterns of selected Nigerian Hip-hop as noticed in Standard English songs. Boersma and Weenink (2010), software tool for speech signal editing and labeling, this was evident in the following instances://aɪ////keɪm// //ˈsɔːdɪnlɪ:// realised at equal timing of 0.2886 milliseconds (ms). //aɪ həv bɪn kɪlɪŋ// //ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ// at 0.1904ms. //aɪ/ //əm// //ə////kɪŋ// at 0.2251ms; //juː// //dəʊnt// //fiːl// at 0.2901ms; //aɪ// //wɪʃ// //aɪ// //kʊd// //fiːl// //jɔː// //peɪn// at 0.210ms; //aɪ// //traɪd// //tu// //tiːtʃ// //ˈjuː// at 0.3071ms; //aɪ// //wɪl/ /maɪnd/ //maɪ// //mænəs// at 0.310ms; //fɪə// //ɪn// // mai// //maɪnd// /ɪz/ //ə// //ˈwɔːnɪŋ// at 0.215ms; //aɪ// //sɛd// //faɪv// //ɪn ðiː// //ˈmɔrnɪŋ// at 0.234ms; //fɪə// //ɪn// // mai// //maɪnd// /ɪz/ //ə// //ˈwɔːnɪŋ// at 0.3092ms; //aɪ ˈtraɪ tu// //ˈgɛt baɪ// //bʌt aɪm ˈbɜːnɪŋ// at 0.2967ms; //sɛnd// //miː// //a// //lʌv// //ðæt// //juː// //kænɒt// //mɪz// at 0.214ms; //aɪ// //wɪl/ /maɪnd/ //maɪ// //mænəs// realised at 0.221ms; //wəʊnt// //teɪk// //ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ// at 0.318; and //nəʊ// //mɔ// //dæmeidʒɪs// //naʊ// realised at 0.2011ms. This means the syllables were realised at relatively equal timing. The study concludes that there is a divergence in the rhythm patterns of Nigerian Hip-hop which makes it significantly different from Standard British English rhythm structure. This implies that the Nigerian Hip-hop rhythm tilts more towards syllable-timing than stress-timing as earlier posited by Nigerian linguists hence may not be appropriate to teach rhythm in Nigerian schools due to its inability to meet national, international and social acceptability standard.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331249">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331250">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/946</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331251">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v22i1.946</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331252">
                <text>eng</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331253">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331254">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/946/799</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331255">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 22 No 1 (2023): Traduction et Langues Volume : 22 Numéro : 01 / June 2023; 374-399</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331257">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331258">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331260">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v22i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331262">
                <text>Divergence or  convergence in  rhyme patterns</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331263">
                <text>Metrical grid</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331265">
                <text>Nigerian Hip-Hop</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331267">
                <text>Nigerien English  rhythm</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331268">
                <text>Syllable  Isochrony</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331270">
                <text>Syllable Isochrony in Selected Nigerian Hip-Hops:  Implication for Nigerian English Pedagogy</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331272">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331273">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331275">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="7804" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="52">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115965">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="305416">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331206">
                <text>Dendane , Mohammed El Amine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331208">
                <text>2015-08-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331210">
                <text>This paper attempts to show a language dilemma related to higher education in Algeria. The question tackles ‘baccalauréat’ holders’ choice of university courses: though basic knowledge is acquired in Standard Arabic, the official language of instruction in Algeria in high school diploma, a number of university streams are provided in French, only taught as a foreign language. Freshmen interested in medicine, for instance, are faced with learning difficulties if they do not master French. An investigation of a group of medical students, undertaken in Tlemcen, has revealed some of these issues, in particular the low academic achievement from the part of the students. The study also deals with their attitudes towards French, usually positive among those who have a good command of the language, but negative among others. We also touch upon the issue of language policy in the Algerian education system as some students have expressed the desire of pursuing medical studies in Arabic.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331213">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331215">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/791</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331217">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1.791</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331219">
                <text>eng</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331221">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331223">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/791/662</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331225">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 1 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 01 / Août 2015; 159-164</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331227">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331229">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331231">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331233">
                <text>Standard Arabic</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331235">
                <text>medicine in French</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331237">
                <text>low academic achievement</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331239">
                <text>attitudes</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331241">
                <text>Language Dilemma in Algerian Higher Education Pre-University Schooling in Arabic and Medical  Studies in French</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331242">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331243">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331244">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="7803" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="51">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115964">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="303802">
                  <text>Traduction et Langues</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331196">
                <text>Cyrille, Loua Kouassi</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331197">
                <text>Félix, Kouakou Koffi</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331198">
                <text>2023-06-30</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331199">
                <text>Model and Assignment for Lexicon Disambiguation
Any communication shall relate to the parties from whom it requires cooperation and contribution. In this sense, communication is optimal only when it is cooperative or contributory. But some sentences or phrases called ambiguous make this task quite complex. The interlocutor is then asked to choose between at least two possible interpretations. So how does the interlocutor manage to opt for one interpretation against another? The aim of this study is to propose models and assignments as satisfactory ways of dealing with ambiguities. To do this, we submitted a corpus of 100 sentences elaborated in French, to Baoulé speakers for a translation in this language. If we consider for example, in an isolated way the baoulé sentence [kófī sū sí àblé] which can be gloated by "Koffi dance" or " Koffi hits the corn ", we realize that communication becomes non-contributory because the receiver will have difficulty in choosing the proper interpretation. Being syntactic and semantic, the ambiguity will be treated from the angle of interpretation (meaning) since all syntax aims to convey a message that is endowed with meaning. Models and assignments provide useful information for this purpose. Indeed, in the model, area A identifies all potential individuals affected by the statement. The semantic value of a predicate constant is then an F function of an individual or set of individuals, depending on the arity of the predicate. However, this model for interpreting the constants of individuals does not associate the variables on which the ambiguity may sometimes be based. It could be personal pronouns or common names. It is at this level that the assignment finds its interest. Through the function g, a value of the domain A is assigned to the variable in order to conduct the interpretation.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331200">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331201">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/945</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331202">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v22i1.945</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331203">
                <text>fra</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331204">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331205">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/945/798</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331207">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 22 No 1 (2023): Traduction et Langues Volume : 22 Numéro : 01 / June 2023; 258-273</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331209">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331211">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331212">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v22i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331214">
                <text>Formal  Semantics</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331216">
                <text>Ambiguity</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331218">
                <text>Translation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331220">
                <text>Constant</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331222">
                <text>Variable</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331224">
                <text>Formal  Semantics</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331226">
                <text>Ambiguity</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331228">
                <text>Translation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331230">
                <text>Constant</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331232">
                <text>Variable</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331234">
                <text>Modèle et assignation pour une désambiguïsation  du lexique</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331236">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331238">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331240">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="7802" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="52">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115965">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="305416">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331145">
                <text>Boughnim, Amel</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331147">
                <text>2015-08-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331149">
                <text>The Linguistic Situation in Tunisia: What evolution after the revolution?
This contribution shed light on the language situation in Tunisia, particularly the status of the French language and the language of the Amazigh. We process including interviewing programs of both major political parties in Tunisia and based on qualitative interviews conducted with leaders of these parties’ analysis. French enjoys independence from Tunisia a privileged status. Historically the language of administration and education, many Tunisians are now bilingual. However, since the so-called "Jasmine" revolution, this status is challenged by the rise of English in teaching but also because of some political parties who wish to emphasize classical Arabic and strengthen the Arab identity Tunisian Muslim. In contrast to the privileged status of the French language, Tamazight is completely absent political projects since independence. Despite their historical primacy on Tunisian soil, the Amazigh language and culture seem to be perceived as a threat for the Tunisian identity.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331151">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331153">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/790</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331155">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1.790</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331157">
                <text>fra</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331159">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331161">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/790/660</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331163">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 1 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 01 / Août 2015; 83-93</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331165">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331167">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331169">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331171">
                <text>Linguistic situation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331173">
                <text>Tunisia</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331175">
                <text>Tunisian bilingualism</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331177">
                <text>language and Tamazight culture</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331179">
                <text>French language</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331181">
                <text>Nidaa Tounis</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331183">
                <text>ennahdha</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331185">
                <text>Linguistic situation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331186">
                <text>Tunisia</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331187">
                <text>Tunisian bilingualism</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331188">
                <text>language and Tamazight  culture</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331189">
                <text>French language</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331190">
                <text>Nidaa Tounis</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331191">
                <text>ennahdha</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331192">
                <text>La situation linguistique en Tunisie : Quelle évolution  après la révolution</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331193">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331194">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331195">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="7801" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="51">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115964">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="303802">
                  <text>Traduction et Langues</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331135">
                <text>Fonkoua, Paul</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331136">
                <text>Bayiha, Auguste</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331137">
                <text>2023-06-30</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331138">
                <text>The Notion of Corpus in Contrastive Language Studies: Choices, tools and exploitation
Since past decades, Contrastive Linguistics is in search of ways for its development. Such a situation results from the fact that the scientific context nowadays is overwhelmed with the advent of new disciplines; is highly saturated by needs for interdisciplinarity; and it imposes the search of paths which have to serve as guide for forthcoming studies. As far as Contrastive Linguistics is concerned, the ways leading to its development are methodological, theoretical, and epistemological in nature. Regarding this wide scope, this study mainly focusses on the methodological aspect of the discipline. Clearly, this paper examines the notion of “Corpus” within the field of Linguistics in general and Contrastive Linguistics in particular. As a new field of study, Contrastive Linguistics needs to be grounded on solid methodological foundations as well. First of all, it delves into addressing issues of methodological tools used while contrasting languages; then, it examines the issue of corpus selection for a specific study; and finally, it proposes ways for selecting and treating data which are often overlooked by professionals and students alike. To undertake the study hereof, it resorted to the Taxonomy approach in Natural Sciences elaborated by Carl Von Linné, Candole, Charles Darwin, Willi Hennig. The use of this methodological approach purposes at providing clear definitions of terms surrounding the notion of “Corpus”; at describing the various types of corpora, at underscoring their internal organisation; and at casting light on the useful tools for the constitution of a special kind of corpus relevant for studies in Contrastive Linguistics.The tasks mentioned earlier will provide a good grasp of how the notion of “corpus” is apprehended within the framework of contrastive analysis. This work shall equally equip young scholars looking forward to specialising in this highly technical scientific niche with abilities to better find markers in a methodology of proper and full selection, constitution and exploitation of a corpus in contrastive linguistics.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331139">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331140">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/944</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331141">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v22i1.944</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331142">
                <text>fra</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331143">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331144">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/944/797</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331146">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 22 No 1 (2023): Traduction et Langues Volume : 22 Numéro : 01 / June 2023; 333-357</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331148">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331150">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331152">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v22i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331154">
                <text>Corpus</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331156">
                <text>Contrastive  Studies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331158">
                <text>Languages</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331160">
                <text>Sub-corpus</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331162">
                <text>Source Text</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331164">
                <text>Target Text</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331166">
                <text>Corpus</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331168">
                <text>Contrastive  Studies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331170">
                <text>Languages</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331172">
                <text>Sub-corpus</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331174">
                <text>Source Text</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331176">
                <text>Target Text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331178">
                <text>De la notion de corpus dans les études contrastives  en langues : choix, outils et exploitation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331180">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331182">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331184">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="7800" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="52">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="115965">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="305416">
                  <text>Articles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331097">
                <text>Belkacemi, Hafida</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331099">
                <text>2015-08-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331101">
                <text>Literary Translation and The Question of Interpretation
The second half of the 20th century was particularly marked by the deepening of hermeneutical philosophy. This development has largely influenced various sciences and disciplines, in particular the arts and humanities. First, it was a question of studying the issues relating to modern man and his “existence” in the face of the “text” according to a hermeneutic approach. Philosophers of hermeneutics have been particularly interested in this discipline, not only because it derives from the Latin origin of its term but also because translation deals with the understanding of texts by exposing any language to the challenges of survival through relation to its culture and its identity Translation, being at the center of this uncertainty between the global and the local, the unique and the diverse, the global and the specific, had to be at the heart of the hermeneutic question, by introducing the interpretation in its dualities of "freedom and literalness", of "fidelity and infidelity".</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331104">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331106">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/789</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331108">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1.789</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331110">
                <text>ara</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331112">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331114">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/789/659</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331116">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 1 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 01 / Août 2015; 231-242</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331118">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331120">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331122">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331123">
                <text>Hermeneutical Philisophy</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331124">
                <text>Interpretation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331125">
                <text>Translation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331126">
                <text>Literary translation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331127">
                <text>Hermeneutical Philosophy</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331128">
                <text>Interpretation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331129">
                <text>Translation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331130">
                <text>Literary Translation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331131">
                <text>الترجمة الأدبية وسؤال التأويل</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="331132">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331133">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="331134">
                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
