الحياة العلمية في مصر والشام والحجاز في عهد السلطان المملوكي الناصر بن قلاوون (684-741ھ)

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The Mamluk state enjoyed several studies by many researchers, and most of them were confined to the Levant, Egypt and the Hijaz, and from here the researcher had the idea of ​​studying this field to be a subject for a master's degree. (684-741 AH).
This study included an introduction, a preface, four chapters, and a conclusion.
w As for the introduction, it includes the importance of the research, the reason for choosing it, then an explanation of the difficulties that the researcher faced, and the questions that the researcher will answer through the study, then an analytical study of previous studies and commenting on them, and the aim of this study.
w introduction, I devoted it to introducing King Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Qalawun, and to explaining the era in which he lived from the political, social and cultural perspectives.
The first chapter: I dedicated it to explaining the general conditions in Egypt during the Mamluk era, in which I dealt with a number of investigations.
I talked about social conditions and showed the layers of Mamluk society in Egypt and their customs, as well as studying the economic conditions of the commercial movement that was at the time.
As for the religious situation, I devoted the talk in it to the judiciary and religious positions, then I talked about the center of Sufism in Egypt, especially Alexandria, and showed the impact of each of them on Scientific movement.
As for the second chapter: I dedicated it to explaining the manifestations of the general conditions in the Hijaz during the Mamluk era, and it includes several topics, which I devoted to talking about the political conditions that the Hijaz witnessed during this period, and the importance of Medina, the city of Jeddah and Taif, and the relationship between them.
Then I talked about the social conditions in the Hijaz and its cities. In Medina and Taif, they had customs and traditions, and about the importance of the city of Jeddah and its strategic location. As for the economic conditions, I devoted it to studying the Hajj seasons and their importance and effects, and how the economic conditions varied between high prices and cheap ones, and that the high prices were dominant.
The third chapter: I devoted it to studying the general conditions in the Levant during the Mamluk era, in which the Levant became a center for global trade, the political conditions in the country, and how the Mamluk princes in Egypt and the Levant always united in order to confront the external dangers that threatened the Near East entity in that age.
In the social situation, I was exposed to how the social classes in the Levant were affected as a result of the plague. As for the economic conditions, I studied the influence of the Levant on all aspects of life by the feudal system. As for the religious situation, I studied in it how the era of the Mamluk sultans was considered a golden age for religious life, and the Levantine society was closely and strongly linked to the scholars.
The fourth chapter: I devoted it to the study of the scientific movement during the reign of Sultan Al-Nasir bin Qalawun, as it was distinguished by a great reformist success on all levels, by examining the reality of the scientific movement in Egypt, the Hijaz, and the Levant during this period.
As for the conclusion, I devoted it to stating the most important results and recommendations of the research.
على الرغم من أنّ جميع التشريعات أولت أهمية بالغة لجلب الاستثمارات إلا أنّها في المقابل وضعت جملة من القيود للتحكم فيه، أي فرض رقابة سابقة تهدف إلى تقييد مجالات تدخل الاستثمار خصوصا الأجنبي وأخرى لاحقة لضبط النشاط الاقتصادي، كما لم تمنحه الحرية الكاملة وألزمته في كثير من الأحيان القيام بنشاطه الاستثماري عن طريق الشراكة في مجالات محددة مسبقا، وقيّدته بضوابط يجب عليه احترامها عند القيام بمشروعه، من بينها القيام بالمشاريع الاستثمارية مراعاة للبعد البيئي والمحافظة عليها، ومن بين مظاهر الرقابة البعدية تدخل الدولة في ضبط السوق، بحماية المنافسة بين المتعاملين الاقتصاديين وحماية المستهلكين، كما فرضت رقابة على المستثمر بإلزامية إتباع الإجراءات القانونية المطلوبة لممارسة النشاطات، ونحاول من خلال هذه الدراسة معرفة هذه القيود التّي يجب أن يخضع لها المستثمر، بإتباع المنهج الوصفي الاستقرائي، من أجل استقراء النصوص القانونية، والتحليلي للوقوف على جدوى الرقابة.
ووجدنا من خلال دراستنا أن هذه القيود رغم تقييدها لحرية المستثمر إلا أنّها لازمة من أجل ضبط الدولة للنشاطات الاقتصادية.
Although all legislations ttached great importance to attracting investments, in return, they put a number of restrictions to control it. These restrictions are summarized in how to restrict areas of investment intervention, especially foreign, and did not give him complete freedom, as I often required him to carry out his investment activity through partnership in predefined areas, It also restricted him by controls that he must respect when carrying out his project, among which is carrying out investment projects, taking into account the environmental dimension and preserving it. Likewise, the state enters into economic activity by controlling the market, by protecting competition between economic dealers and protecting consumers, and has imposed control over the investor by compelling to follow the legal procedures required to practice activities, We try through this study to know these restrictions that must be subject to the investor, using the descriptive inductive approach, in order to extrapolate legal texts, And we found through our study that these restrictions, despite restricting the freedom of the investor, were necessary in order for the state to control economic activities

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